Package attrbox

Attribute-based data structures.

Otto the Otter

Why?

I have common use cases where I want to improve python's dict and list:

• AttrDict: attribute-based dict with better merge and deep value access
• AttrList: list that broadcasts operations to its members
• Environment: reading environment files
• Configuration: loading command-line arguments and configuration files
• JSend: sending JSON responses

Install

python -m pip install attrbox

AttrDict

AttrDict features:

• Attribute Syntax for dict similar to accessing properties in JavaScript: thing.prop means thing["prop"] for get / set / delete.

• No KeyError: if a key is missing, just return None (like dict.get()).

• Deep Indexing: use a list of keys and int to get and set deeply nested values. This is similar to lodash.get except that only the array-like syntax is supported and you must use actual int to index across list objects.

• Deep Merge: combine two dict objects by extending deeply-nested keys where possible. This is different than the new dict union operator (PEP 584).

from attrbox import AttrDict

items = AttrDict(a=1, b=[{"c": {"d": 5}}], e={"f": {"g": 7}})
items.a
# => 1
items.x is None
# => True
items.x = 10
items['x']
# => 10
items.get(["b", 0, "c", "d"])
# => 5
items <<= {"e": {"f": {"g": 20, "h": [30, 40]}}}
items.e.f.g
# => 20
items[['e', 'f', 'h', 1]]
# => 40

Read more about AttrDict

AttrList

AttrList provides member broadcast: performing operations on the list performs the operation on all the items in the list. I typically use this to achieve the Composite design pattern.

from attrbox import AttrDict, AttrList

numbers = AttrList([complex(1, 2), complex(3, 4), complex(5, 6)])
numbers.real
# => [1.0, 3.0, 5.0]

words = AttrList(["Apple", "Bat", "Cat"])
words.lower()
# => ['apple', 'bat', 'cat']

items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1, b=2), AttrDict(a=5)])
items.a
# => [1, 5]
items.b
# => [2, None]

Read more about AttrList

Environment

attrbox.env is similar to python-dotenv, but uses the AttrDict ability to do deep indexing to allow for things like dotted variable names. Typically, you'll use it by calling load_env() which will find the nearest .env file and load it into os.environ.

Read more about attrbox.env

Configuration

attrbox supports loading configuration files from .json, .toml, and .attrbox.env files. By default, load_config() looks for a key imports and will recursively import those files (relative to the current file) before loading the rest of the current file (data is merged using AttrDict). This allows you to create templates or smaller configurations that build up to a larger configuration.

For CLI applications, parse_docopt() let's you use the power of docopt with the flexibility of AttrDict. By default, --config and <config> arguments will load the file using the load_config()

"""Usage: prog.py [--help] [--version] [-c CONFIG] --file FILE

Options:
  --help                show this message and exit
  --version             show the version number and exit
  -c, --config CONFIG   load this configuration file (supported: .toml, .json, .env)
  --file FILE           the file to process
"""

def main():
    args = parse_docopt(__doc__, version=__version__)
    args.file # has the value of --file

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Building on top of docopt we strip off leading dashes and convert them to underscores so that we can access the arguments as AttrDict attributes.

Read more about attrbox.config

JSend

JSend is an approximate implementation of the JSend specification that makes it easy to create standard JSON responses. The main difference is that I added an ok attribute to make it easy to tell if there was a problem (fail or error).

from attrbox import JSend

def some_function(arg1):
    result = JSend() # default is "success"

    if not is_good(arg1):
        # fail = controlled problem
        return result.fail(message="You gone messed up.")

    try:
        result.success(data=process(arg1))
    except Exception:
        # error = uncontrolled problem
        return result.error(message="We have a problem.")

    return result

Because the JSend object is an AttrDict, it acts like a dict in every other respect (e.g., it is JSON-serializable).

Read more about JSend

License

MIT License

The vendorized version of docopt-ng is also licensed under the MIT License.

Sub-modules

attrbox.attrdict

dict with attribute access, deep selectors, and merging.

attrbox.attrlist

list that broadcasts attribute access to its elements.

attrbox.config

Configuration loading and parsing.

attrbox.env

Load configuration from environment files …

attrbox.fn

Generally useful functions.

attrbox.jsend

Standard JSON responses.

Functions

def load_env(path: Union[pathlib._local.Path, str, ForwardRef(None)] = None) ‑> Dict[str, str]

Load an environment file.

We recursively search for a .attrbox.env file from the path given or the current working directory, if omitted.

Args

path : PathStr, optional

starting path. If None, start from the current working directory. Defaults to None.

Raises

FileNotFoundError

If not .attrbox.env file is found.

Returns

Dict[str, str]

configuration values

Examples

>>> load_env() # our .env doesn't have any values
{}

If no .attrbox.env can be found, a FileNotFoundError is raised:

>>> load_env("/")
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
FileNotFoundError: Cannot find .env file to load.

def load_config(path: pathlib._local.Path, /, *, load_imports: bool = True, loaders: Optional[dict[str, typing.Callable[[str], typing.Any]]] = None, done: Optional[list[pathlib._local.Path]] = None) ‑> dict[str, typing.Any]

Load a configuration file from path using configuration loaders.

Args

path : Path

file to load.

load_imports : bool, optional

If True, recursively load any files located at the imports key. Defaults to True.

loaders : dict[str, LoaderFunc], optional

mapping of file suffixes to to loader functions. If None, uses the global LOADERS. Defaults to None.

done : list[Path], optional

If provided, a list of paths to ignore when doing recursive loading. Defaults to None.

Returns

dict[str, Any]

keys/values from the configuration file

Examples

>>> root = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
>>> expected = {'section': {'key': 'value1', "env": "loaded",
... "json": "loaded", "toml": "loaded"}}
>>> load_config(root / "test/config_1.toml") == expected
True

def parse_docopt(doc: str, /, argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, *, version: str = '1.0.0', options_first: bool = False, read_config: bool = True) ‑> AttrDict

Parse docopt args and load config.

Args

doc : str

docstring with description of command

argv : Sequence[str], optional

arguments to parse against the doc. If None, will default to sys.argv[1:]. Defaults to None.

version : str, optional

program version. Defaults to "1.0.0".

options_first : bool

If True, options must come before positional arguments. Defaults to False.

read_config : bool

If True, a <config> argument or --config option will be automatically loaded before args are parsed. Defaults to True.

Returns

AttrDict[str, Any]

mapping of options to values

Examples

>>> usage = "Usage: test.py [--debug]"
>>> parse_docopt(usage, argv=["--debug"])
{'debug': True}

>>> root = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
>>> path = str(root / "test/config_1.toml")
>>> usage = "Usage: test.py <config> [--section.key=VAL]"
>>> argv = [path, "--section.key=overwrite"]
>>> expected = {"section": {
...     "key": "overwrite", # overwritten by argv
...     "env": "loaded", "json": "loaded", "toml": "loaded"
... }, "config": path}
>>> parse_docopt(usage, argv=argv) == expected
True

Classes

class AttrDict (*args, **kwargs)

Like a dict, but with attribute syntax.

NOTE: We do not throw AttributeError or KeyError because accessing a non-existent key or attribute returns None.

Examples

>>> AttrDict({"a": 1}).a
1

Expand source code

class AttrDict(Dict[str, Any]):
    """Like a `dict`, but with attribute syntax.

    NOTE: We do not throw `AttributeError` or `KeyError` because accessing
    a non-existent key or attribute returns `None`.

    Examples:
        >>> AttrDict({"a": 1}).a
        1
    """

    def copy(self: Self) -> Self:
        """Return a shallow copy.

        Examples:
            >>> items = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> clone = items.copy()
            >>> items == clone # same contents
            True
            >>> items is not clone # different pointers
            True
            >>> clone.a = 5
            >>> items != clone
            True
        """
        return self.__class__(super().copy())

    def __contains__(self, key: Any) -> bool:
        """Return `True` if `key` is a key.

        Args:
            key (Any): typically a `AnyIndex`. If it's a string,
                the check proceeds as usual. If it's a `Sequence`, the
                checks are performed using `.get()`.

        Returns:
            bool: `True` if the `key` is a valid key, `False` otherwise.

        Examples:
            Normal checking works as expected:
            >>> items = AttrDict(a=1, b=2)
            >>> 'a' in items
            True
            >>> 'x' in items
            False

            Nested checks are also possible:
            >>> items = AttrDict(a=[{"b": 2}, {"b": 3}])
            >>> ['a', 0, 'b'] in items
            True
            >>> ['a', 1, 'x'] in items
            False
        """
        return self.get(key, NOT_FOUND) is not NOT_FOUND

    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Optional[Any]:
        """Return the value of the attribute or `None`.

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name

        Returns:
            Any: attribute value or `None` if the attribute is missing

        Examples:
            Typically, attributes are the same as key/values:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> item.a
            1
            >>> item['a']
            1

            However, instance attributes supersede key/values:
            >>> item = AttrDict(b=1)
            >>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
            >>> item.b
            2
            >>> item['b']
            1

            Missing attributes return `None`:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> item.b is None
            True
        """
        # NOTE: This method is only called when the attribute cannot be found.
        return self[name]

    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
        """Set the value of an attribute.

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name
            value (Any): value to set

        Examples:
            Setting an attribute is usually the same as a key/value:
            >>> item = AttrDict()
            >>> item.a = 1
            >>> item.a
            1
            >>> item['a']
            1

            However, instance attributes supersede key/values:
            >>> item = AttrDict()
            >>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
            >>> item.b
            2
            >>> item.b = 3  # instance attribute updated
            >>> item.b
            3
            >>> item['b'] is None
            True
        """
        try:
            super().__getattribute__(name)  # is real?
            super().__setattr__(name, value)
        except AttributeError:  # use key/value
            self[name] = value

    def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> None:
        """Delete an attribute.

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name

        Examples:
            Deleting an attribute usually deletes the underlying key/value:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> del item.a
            >>> item
            {}

            However, instance attributes supersede key/values:
            >>> item = AttrDict(b=1)
            >>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
            >>> item.b  # real attribute supersedes key/value
            2
            >>> del item.b  # deletes real attribute
            >>> object.__getattribute__(item, 'b') # instance attribute gone
            Traceback (most recent call last):
             ...
            AttributeError: 'AttrDict' object has no attribute 'b'
            >>> item
            {'b': 1}
        """
        try:
            super().__getattribute__(name)  # is real?
            super().__delattr__(name)
        except AttributeError:  # use key/value
            del self[name]

    def __getitem__(self, key: AnyIndex) -> Optional[Any]:
        """Return the value of the key.

        Args:
            key (AnyIndex): key name or Sequence of the path to a key

        Returns:
            Any: value of the key or `None` if it cannot be found

        Examples:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> item['a']
            1
            >>> item['b'] is None
            True
        """
        return self.get(key)

    def __setitem__(self, key: AnyIndex, value: Any) -> None:
        """Set the value of a key.

        Args:
            key (AnyIndex): key name
            value (Any): key value

        Examples:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> item['a'] = 5
            >>> item['a']
            5

            >>> item[['a', 'b']] = 10
            >>> item.a.b
            10
        """
        self.set(key, value)

    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
        """Delete a key.

        Args:
            key (str): key name

        Examples:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> del item['a']
            >>> item
            {}

            Deleting missing keys has no effect:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
            >>> del item['b']
            >>> item
            {'a': 1}
        """
        try:
            super().__delitem__(key)
        except KeyError:
            pass

    def get(self, path: AnyIndex, default: Optional[Any] = None, /) -> Optional[Any]:
        """Return the value at `path` or `default` if it cannot be found.

        Args:
            path (AnyIndex): path to the value
            default (Any, optional): value to return if `name` is not found.
                Defaults to `None`.

        Returns:
            Optional[Any]: key value or `default` if the key is not found

        Examples:
            Normal `.get` functions work:
            >>> items = AttrDict(a=dict(b=[{"c": 3}, {"c": -10}]), d=4)
            >>> items.get('d') == 4
            True
            >>> items.get('e') is None
            True
            >>> items.get('e', 5) == 5
            True

            But you can also indexing into nested `list` and `dict`:
            >>> items.get(['a', 'b', 1, 'c']) == -10
            True

            Bad indexing will just return the default:
            >>> items.get(['e']) is None # key doesn't exist
            True
            >>> items.get(['a', 'b', 5]) is None  # index unreachable
            True
            >>> items.get(['d', 'e']) is None # int is not indexable
            True
        """
        if isinstance(path, str):
            return super().get(path, default)
        return get_path(self, path, default)

    def set(self: Self, path: AnyIndex, value: Optional[Any] = None, /) -> Self:
        """Set key at `path` to `value`.

        Args:
            path (AnyIndex): path to the key to set.
            value (Any, optional): value to set. Defaults to `None`.

        Returns:
            Self: for chaining

        Examples:
            >>> items = AttrDict({"a": 1})
            >>> items.set("b", 2)
            {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

            You can set values deeper:
            >>> items.set(["b", "c", "d"], 5)
            {'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 5}}}

            You can also use a `tuple` (or other Sequence):
            >>> items.set(("b", "c", "d"), 10)
            {'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 10}}}

            An empty `Sequence` performs no action:
            >>> items.set((), 20)
            {'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 10}}}
        """
        if isinstance(path, str):
            super().__setitem__(path, value)
            return self

        set_path(self, path, value, self.__class__)
        return self

    def __lshift__(self: Self, other: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Self:
        """Merge `other` into `self`.

        NOTE: Any nested dictionaries will be converted to `AttrDict` objects.

        Args:
            other (Mapping[str, Any]): other dictionary to merge

        Returns:
            AttrDict: merged dictionary

        Examples:
            >>> item = AttrDict(a=1, b=2)
            >>> item <<= {"b": 3}
            >>> item.b
            3

            >>> item << {"b": 2, "c": {"d": 4}} << {"c": {"d": {"e": 5}}}
            {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': {'e': 5}}}
            >>> item.c.d.e
            5
        """
        dict_merge(self, other, cls_dict=self.__class__)
        return self

Ancestors

• builtins.dict
• typing.Generic

Subclasses

• JSend

Methods

def copy(self: Self) ‑> ~Self

Return a shallow copy.

Examples

>>> items = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> clone = items.copy()
>>> items == clone # same contents
True
>>> items is not clone # different pointers
True
>>> clone.a = 5
>>> items != clone
True

def __contains__(self, key: Any) ‑> bool

Return True if key is a key.

Args

key : Any

typically a AnyIndex. If it's a string, the check proceeds as usual. If it's a Sequence, the checks are performed using .get().

Returns

bool

True if the key is a valid key, False otherwise.

Examples

Normal checking works as expected:

>>> items = AttrDict(a=1, b=2)
>>> 'a' in items
True
>>> 'x' in items
False

Nested checks are also possible:

>>> items = AttrDict(a=[{"b": 2}, {"b": 3}])
>>> ['a', 0, 'b'] in items
True
>>> ['a', 1, 'x'] in items
False

def __getattr__(self, name: str) ‑> Optional[Any]

Return the value of the attribute or None.

Args

name : str

attribute name

Returns

Any

attribute value or None if the attribute is missing

Examples

Typically, attributes are the same as key/values:

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> item.a
1
>>> item['a']
1

However, instance attributes supersede key/values:

>>> item = AttrDict(b=1)
>>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
>>> item.b
2
>>> item['b']
1

Missing attributes return None:

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> item.b is None
True

def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) ‑> None

Set the value of an attribute.

Args

name : str

attribute name

value : Any

value to set

Examples

Setting an attribute is usually the same as a key/value:

>>> item = AttrDict()
>>> item.a = 1
>>> item.a
1
>>> item['a']
1

However, instance attributes supersede key/values:

>>> item = AttrDict()
>>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
>>> item.b
2
>>> item.b = 3  # instance attribute updated
>>> item.b
3
>>> item['b'] is None
True

def __delattr__(self, name: str) ‑> None

Delete an attribute.

Args

name : str

attribute name

Examples

Deleting an attribute usually deletes the underlying key/value:

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> del item.a
>>> item
{}

However, instance attributes supersede key/values:

>>> item = AttrDict(b=1)
>>> object.__setattr__(item, 'b', 2)
>>> item.b  # real attribute supersedes key/value
2
>>> del item.b  # deletes real attribute
>>> object.__getattribute__(item, 'b') # instance attribute gone
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
AttributeError: 'AttrDict' object has no attribute 'b'
>>> item
{'b': 1}

def __getitem__(self, key: AnyIndex) ‑> Optional[Any]

Return the value of the key.

Args

key : AnyIndex

key name or Sequence of the path to a key

Returns

Any

value of the key or None if it cannot be found

Examples

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> item['a']
1
>>> item['b'] is None
True

def __setitem__(self, key: AnyIndex, value: Any) ‑> None

Set the value of a key.

Args

key : AnyIndex

key name

value : Any

key value

Examples

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> item['a'] = 5
>>> item['a']
5

>>> item[['a', 'b']] = 10
>>> item.a.b
10

def __delitem__(self, key: str) ‑> None

Delete a key.

Args

key : str

key name

Examples

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> del item['a']
>>> item
{}

Deleting missing keys has no effect:

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1)
>>> del item['b']
>>> item
{'a': 1}

def get(self, path: AnyIndex, default: Optional[Any] = None, /) ‑> Optional[Any]

Return the value at path or default if it cannot be found.

Args

path : AnyIndex

path to the value

default : Any, optional

value to return if name is not found. Defaults to None.

Returns

Optional[Any]

key value or default if the key is not found

Examples

Normal .get functions work:

>>> items = AttrDict(a=dict(b=[{"c": 3}, {"c": -10}]), d=4)
>>> items.get('d') == 4
True
>>> items.get('e') is None
True
>>> items.get('e', 5) == 5
True

But you can also indexing into nested list and dict:

>>> items.get(['a', 'b', 1, 'c']) == -10
True

Bad indexing will just return the default:

>>> items.get(['e']) is None # key doesn't exist
True
>>> items.get(['a', 'b', 5]) is None  # index unreachable
True
>>> items.get(['d', 'e']) is None # int is not indexable
True

def set(self: Self, path: AnyIndex, value: Optional[Any] = None, /) ‑> ~Self

Set key at path to value.

Args

path : AnyIndex

path to the key to set.

value : Any, optional

value to set. Defaults to None.

Returns

Self

for chaining

Examples

>>> items = AttrDict({"a": 1})
>>> items.set("b", 2)
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

You can set values deeper:

>>> items.set(["b", "c", "d"], 5)
{'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 5}}}

You can also use a tuple (or other Sequence):

>>> items.set(("b", "c", "d"), 10)
{'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 10}}}

An empty Sequence performs no action:

>>> items.set((), 20)
{'a': 1, 'b': {'c': {'d': 10}}}

def __lshift__(self: Self, other: Mapping[str, Any]) ‑> ~Self

Merge other into self.

NOTE: Any nested dictionaries will be converted to AttrDict objects.

Args

other : Mapping[str, Any]

other dictionary to merge

Returns

AttrDict

merged dictionary

Examples

>>> item = AttrDict(a=1, b=2)
>>> item <<= {"b": 3}
>>> item.b
3

>>> item << {"b": 2, "c": {"d": 4}} << {"c": {"d": {"e": 5}}}
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': {'e': 5}}}
>>> item.c.d.e
5

class AttrList (*args, **kwargs)

Collection that broadcasts attribute, index, and function calls to its members.

Attribute access (.) is broadcast to all members. An exception is an attribute that exists on the list instance itself.

>>> nums = AttrList([complex(1, 2), complex(3, 4), complex(5, 6)])
>>> nums.real
[1.0, 3.0, 5.0]

Array access ([]) with int and slice indexes works as usual by returning a portion of the list. string indexes, however, are broadcast to each member.

>>> items = AttrList(["Apple", "Bat", "Cat"])
>>> items[0]
'Apple'
>>> items["0"]
['A', 'B', 'C']

Calling the list (()) broadcasts the call to all members. Usually, this is combined with attribute access:

>>> items = AttrList(["Apple", "Bat", "Cat"])
>>> items.lower()
['apple', 'bat', 'cat']

Expand source code

class AttrList(List[Any]):
    """Collection that broadcasts attribute, index, and function calls to its members.

    Attribute access (`.`) is broadcast to all members. An exception
    is an attribute that exists on the list instance itself.

    >>> nums = AttrList([complex(1, 2), complex(3, 4), complex(5, 6)])
    >>> nums.real
    [1.0, 3.0, 5.0]

    Array access (`[]`) with `int` and `slice` indexes works as usual by returning
    a portion of the list. `string` indexes, however, are broadcast to each member.

    >>> items = AttrList(["Apple", "Bat", "Cat"])
    >>> items[0]
    'Apple'
    >>> items["0"]
    ['A', 'B', 'C']

    Calling the list (`()`) broadcasts the call to all members. Usually, this is
    combined with attribute access:

    >>> items = AttrList(["Apple", "Bat", "Cat"])
    >>> items.lower()
    ['apple', 'bat', 'cat']
    """

    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> AttrList:
        """Return an attribute from all members.

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name

        Returns:
            (list[any]): value of attribute for each member or `None` if missing

        Examples:
            >>> from . import AttrDict
            >>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1), AttrDict(a=2), AttrDict(a=3, b=4)])
            >>> items.a
            [1, 2, 3]
            >>> items.b
            [None, None, 4]

            Note that instance attributes supersede member attributes:
            >>> object.__setattr__(items, "b", 5)
            >>> items.b
            5
        """
        # NOTE: This method is only called when the attribute cannot be found.
        # We delegate this call to every member.
        result = self.__class__()
        for member in self:
            # if isinstance(member, AttrDict):  # check if name is defined
            #     result.append(member[name] if name in member else None)
            # else:
            result.append(getattr(member, name, None))
        return result

    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
        """Set an attribute on all members (or the list itself).

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name
            value (any): attribute value

        Examples:
            >>> from . import AttrDict
            >>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1), AttrDict(b=2)])
            >>> items.a = 5
            >>> items
            [{'a': 5}, {'b': 2, 'a': 5}]

            Note that instance attributes supersede member attributes:
            >>> object.__setattr__(items, "b", 5)
            >>> items.b = 7
            >>> items.b
            7
        """
        try:
            super().__getattribute__(name)  # is real?
            super().__setattr__(name, value)
        except AttributeError:  # use members
            for member in self:
                setattr(member, name, value)

    def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> None:
        """Delete an attribute from all members (or the list itself).

        Args:
            name (str): attribute name

        Examples:
            >>> from . import AttrDict
            >>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1, b=2), AttrDict(a=2, c=3), dict(d=4)])
            >>> del items.a
            >>> items
            [{'b': 2}, {'c': 3}, {'d': 4}]

            Deleting an instance attribute works:
            >>> object.__setattr__(items, 'b', 5)
            >>> items.b = 7
            >>> items.b
            7
            >>> del items.b # deletes instance attribute
            >>> items
            [{'b': 2}, {'c': 3}, {'d': 4}]
        """
        try:
            super().__getattribute__(name)  # is real?
            super().__delattr__(name)
        except AttributeError:  # use members
            for member in self:
                try:
                    delattr(member, name)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass

    def __getitem__(self: Self, index: AttrListKey) -> Union[Self, Any]:
        """Return an item from all members (or the list itself).

        Args:
            index (int|slice|str): item index

        Returns:
            (any): the item at the index in each member (`str` index) or the
            member at the given index (`int` or `slice`)

        Examples:
            A string index is applied to all members:
            >>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
            >>> items["-1"]
            [3, 6, 9]

            Normal indexing works as expected:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> items[1]
            2
            >>> items[0:2]
            [1, 2]

            Weird indexing throws a `TypeError`:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> items[{"a": 1}]
            Traceback (most recent call last):
             ...
            TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict
        """
        result = self
        if isinstance(index, str):
            index = str2index(index)
            result = self.__class__(item[index] for item in self)
        elif isinstance(index, slice):
            result = self.__class__(super().__getitem__(index))
        else:
            result = super().__getitem__(index)
        return result

    def __setitem__(self, index: AttrListKey, value: Any) -> None:
        """Set an item in all members (or the list itself).

        Args:
            index (int|slice|str): item index
            value (any): item value

        Examples:
            A string index is applied to all members:
            >>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
            >>> items["0"] = 100
            >>> items
            [[100, 2, 3], [100, 5, 6], [100, 8, 9]]

            Immutable members are untouched:
            >>> items = AttrList(["Cat", [1, 2, 3]])
            >>> items["0"] = "A"
            >>> items
            ['Cat', ['A', 2, 3]]

            Normal indexing works as expected:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> items[1] = 5
            >>> items
            [1, 5, 3]

            Weird indexing throws a `TypeError`:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> items[{"a": 1}] = 100
            Traceback (most recent call last):
             ...
            TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict
        """
        if isinstance(index, str):
            index = str2index(index)
            for member in self:
                if hasattr(member, "__setitem__"):
                    member.__setitem__(index, value)
        else:
            super().__setitem__(index, value)

    def __delitem__(self, index: AttrListKey) -> None:
        """Delete an item from all members (or the list itself).

        Args:
            index (int|slice|str): item index

        Examples:
            A string index is applied to all members:
            >>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
            >>> del items["0"]
            >>> items
            [[2, 3], [5, 6], [8, 9]]

            Immutable members are untouched:
            >>> items = AttrList(["Cat", [1, 2, 3]])
            >>> del items["-1"]
            >>> items
            ['Cat', [1, 2]]

            Normal indexing works as expected:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> del items[1]
            >>> items
            [1, 3]

            Weird indexing throws a `TypeError`:
            >>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
            >>> del items[{"a": 1}]
            Traceback (most recent call last):
             ...
            TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict
        """
        if isinstance(index, str):
            index = str2index(index)
            for member in self:
                if hasattr(member, "__delitem__"):
                    member.__delitem__(index)
        else:
            super().__delitem__(index)

    def __call__(self: Self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
        """Return a new list with the result of calling all callables in the list.

        Args:
            args (*any): arguments to the callable
            kwargs (**any): keyword arguments to the callable

        Returns:
            (Self): new list with results of the callable

        Examples:
            >>> items = AttrList(["a", "b", "c"])
            >>> items.upper()
            ['A', 'B', 'C']

            >>> items = AttrList([lambda x: x + 2, lambda y: y + 5, "Z"])
            >>> items(1)
            [3, 6, 'Z']
        """
        return self.__class__(
            item(*args, **kwargs) if callable(item) else item for item in self
        )

Ancestors

• builtins.list
• typing.Generic

Methods

def __getattr__(self, name: str) ‑> AttrList

Return an attribute from all members.

Args

name : str

attribute name

Returns

(list[any]): value of attribute for each member or None if missing

Examples

>>> from . import AttrDict
>>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1), AttrDict(a=2), AttrDict(a=3, b=4)])
>>> items.a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> items.b
[None, None, 4]

Note that instance attributes supersede member attributes:

>>> object.__setattr__(items, "b", 5)
>>> items.b
5

def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) ‑> None

Set an attribute on all members (or the list itself).

Args

name : str

attribute name

value : any

attribute value

Examples

>>> from . import AttrDict
>>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1), AttrDict(b=2)])
>>> items.a = 5
>>> items
[{'a': 5}, {'b': 2, 'a': 5}]

Note that instance attributes supersede member attributes:

>>> object.__setattr__(items, "b", 5)
>>> items.b = 7
>>> items.b
7

def __delattr__(self, name: str) ‑> None

Delete an attribute from all members (or the list itself).

Args

name : str

attribute name

Examples

>>> from . import AttrDict
>>> items = AttrList([AttrDict(a=1, b=2), AttrDict(a=2, c=3), dict(d=4)])
>>> del items.a
>>> items
[{'b': 2}, {'c': 3}, {'d': 4}]

Deleting an instance attribute works:

>>> object.__setattr__(items, 'b', 5)
>>> items.b = 7
>>> items.b
7
>>> del items.b # deletes instance attribute
>>> items
[{'b': 2}, {'c': 3}, {'d': 4}]

def __getitem__(self: Self, index: AttrListKey) ‑> Union[~Self, Any]

Return an item from all members (or the list itself).

Args

index (int|slice|str): item index

Returns

(any): the item at the index in each member (str index) or the member at the given index (int or slice)

Examples

A string index is applied to all members:

>>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> items["-1"]
[3, 6, 9]

Normal indexing works as expected:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> items[1]
2
>>> items[0:2]
[1, 2]

Weird indexing throws a TypeError:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> items[{"a": 1}]
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict

def __setitem__(self, index: AttrListKey, value: Any) ‑> None

Set an item in all members (or the list itself).

Args

index (int|slice|str): item index

value : any

item value

Examples

A string index is applied to all members:

>>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> items["0"] = 100
>>> items
[[100, 2, 3], [100, 5, 6], [100, 8, 9]]

Immutable members are untouched:

>>> items = AttrList(["Cat", [1, 2, 3]])
>>> items["0"] = "A"
>>> items
['Cat', ['A', 2, 3]]

Normal indexing works as expected:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> items[1] = 5
>>> items
[1, 5, 3]

Weird indexing throws a TypeError:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> items[{"a": 1}] = 100
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict

def __delitem__(self, index: AttrListKey) ‑> None

Delete an item from all members (or the list itself).

Args

index (int|slice|str): item index

Examples

A string index is applied to all members:

>>> items = AttrList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> del items["0"]
>>> items
[[2, 3], [5, 6], [8, 9]]

Immutable members are untouched:

>>> items = AttrList(["Cat", [1, 2, 3]])
>>> del items["-1"]
>>> items
['Cat', [1, 2]]

Normal indexing works as expected:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> del items[1]
>>> items
[1, 3]

Weird indexing throws a TypeError:

>>> items = AttrList([1, 2, 3])
>>> del items[{"a": 1}]
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not dict

def __call__(self: Self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) ‑> ~Self

Return a new list with the result of calling all callables in the list.

Args

args (any): arguments to the callable kwargs (*any): keyword arguments to the callable

Returns

(Self): new list with results of the callable

Examples

>>> items = AttrList(["a", "b", "c"])
>>> items.upper()
['A', 'B', 'C']

>>> items = AttrList([lambda x: x + 2, lambda y: y + 5, "Z"])
>>> items(1)
[3, 6, 'Z']

class JSend (*args: Any, **kwargs: Dict[str, Any])

Service response object.

This object loosely conforms to the JSend specification.

Construct a JSend object.

Examples

>>> result = JSend()
>>> result.ok
True
>>> result.status == 'success'
True
>>> result.data is None
True
>>> result == {'ok': True, 'status': 'success', 'data': None}
True

Expand source code

class JSend(AttrDict):
    """Service response object.

    This object loosely conforms to the
    [JSend specification](https://labs.omniti.com/labs/jsend).
    """

    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Dict[str, Any]):
        """Construct a JSend object.

        Examples:
            >>> result = JSend()
            >>> result.ok
            True
            >>> result.status == 'success'
            True
            >>> result.data is None
            True
            >>> result == {'ok': True, 'status': 'success', 'data': None}
            True
        """
        self.update(ok=True, status=STATUS_SUCCESS, data=None)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def fail(self, message: Msg = None) -> JSend:
        """Indicate a controlled failure.

        Args:
            message (str): human-readable explanation of the failure

        Returns:
            JSend: self for chaining

        Examples:
            >>> result = JSend()
            >>> msg = 'Missing a phone number.'
            >>> result.fail(msg) is result
            True
            >>> result.ok is False
            True
            >>> result.status == 'fail'
            True
            >>> result.message == msg
            True
        """
        self.update(ok=False, status=STATUS_FAIL, message=message)
        return self

    def error(self, message: Msg = None, code: Optional[Any] = None) -> JSend:
        """Indicate an uncontrolled error.

        Args:
            message (str): human-readable explanation of the error
            code (Any, optional): technical indication of the error

        Returns:
            JSend: self for chaining

        Examples:
            >>> result = JSend()
            >>> msg = 'No such file [file.text].'
            >>> code = 13
            >>> result.error(msg, code) is result
            True
            >>> result.ok is False
            True
            >>> result.status == 'error'
            True
            >>> result.message == msg
            True
            >>> result.code == code
            True
        """
        self.update(ok=False, status=STATUS_ERROR, message=message, code=code)
        return self

    def success(self, data: Optional[Any] = None) -> JSend:
        """Indicate a successful response.

        Args:
            data (Any, optional): response payload

        Returns:
            JSend: self for chaining

        Examples:
            >>> data = "Works"
            >>> result = JSend()
            >>> result.success(data) is result
            True
            >>> result.data == data
            True
        """
        self.update(ok=True, status=STATUS_SUCCESS, data=data)
        return self

Ancestors

• AttrDict
• builtins.dict
• typing.Generic

Methods

def fail(self, message: Msg = None) ‑> JSend

Indicate a controlled failure.

Args

message : str

human-readable explanation of the failure

Returns

JSend

self for chaining

Examples

>>> result = JSend()
>>> msg = 'Missing a phone number.'
>>> result.fail(msg) is result
True
>>> result.ok is False
True
>>> result.status == 'fail'
True
>>> result.message == msg
True

def error(self, message: Msg = None, code: Optional[Any] = None) ‑> JSend

Indicate an uncontrolled error.

Args

message : str

human-readable explanation of the error

code : Any, optional

technical indication of the error

Returns

JSend

self for chaining

Examples

>>> result = JSend()
>>> msg = 'No such file [file.text].'
>>> code = 13
>>> result.error(msg, code) is result
True
>>> result.ok is False
True
>>> result.status == 'error'
True
>>> result.message == msg
True
>>> result.code == code
True

def success(self, data: Optional[Any] = None) ‑> JSend

Indicate a successful response.

Args

data : Any, optional

response payload

Returns

JSend

self for chaining

Examples

>>> data = "Works"
>>> result = JSend()
>>> result.success(data) is result
True
>>> result.data == data
True

def copy(self: Self) ‑> ~Self

Inherited from: AttrDict.copy

Return a shallow copy …

def __contains__(self, key: Any) ‑> bool

Inherited from: AttrDict.__contains__

Return True if key is a key …

def __getattr__(self, name: str) ‑> Optional[Any]

Inherited from: AttrDict.__getattr__

Return the value of the attribute or None …

def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) ‑> None

Inherited from: AttrDict.__setattr__

Set the value of an attribute …

def __delattr__(self, name: str) ‑> None

Inherited from: AttrDict.__delattr__

Delete an attribute …

def __getitem__(self, key: AnyIndex) ‑> Optional[Any]

Inherited from: AttrDict.__getitem__

Return the value of the key …

def __setitem__(self, key: AnyIndex, value: Any) ‑> None

Inherited from: AttrDict.__setitem__

Set the value of a key …

def __delitem__(self, key: str) ‑> None

Inherited from: AttrDict.__delitem__

Delete a key …

def get(self, path: AnyIndex, default: Optional[Any] = None, /) ‑> Optional[Any]

Inherited from: AttrDict.get

Return the value at path or default if it cannot be found …

def set(self: Self, path: AnyIndex, value: Optional[Any] = None, /) ‑> ~Self

Inherited from: AttrDict.set

Set key at path to value …

def __lshift__(self: Self, other: Mapping[str, Any]) ‑> ~Self

Inherited from: AttrDict.__lshift__

Merge other into self …